By Hillel ben David (Greg Killian)
In this study I would like to look at the primary pasuk, in the Tanakh, that speaks of an agunah is in Megillat Ruth. The Hebrew word ‘agunah’ means ‘chained’ or ‘anchored’. Lets star our study by examining some definitions:
Agunah[1] (עגונה, plural: agunot - עגונות); literally 'anchored or chained') is a halachic term for a Jewish woman who is "chained" to her marriage. It is also often used nowadays for a woman whose husband refuses or is unable to grant her an official bill of divorce, known as a get.
Yibum, Yavam, Yevamah: The Torah dictates that if a married man dies childless, the widow is to marry her dead husband's brother, preferably the eldest. The firstborn son they produce together is considered a continuation of the dead husband's line. This practice is known as yibum, or levirate marriage. The brother-in-law is called the yavam; the widow is called the yevamah.
Halitzah[2]: The ceremony of the taking off of a brother-in-law's shoe by the widow of a brother who has died childless, through which ceremony he is released from the obligation of marrying her, and she becomes free to marry whomever she desires (Devarim 25:5-10).
There are four principal categories[3] of the agunah:
1. A husband who divorces his wife in the civil courts and possibly even remarries, but refuses to give his wife a get, either because of malice or greed.
2. A husband who disappears without leaving a trace, so that he is not available to issue the divorce that halachah demands.
3. The husband who is lost in military action or dies in a mass explosion.
4. Not strictly a case of "desertion" but similar to it is the rarer case of a childless widow who, according to halachah, requires halitzah (release) from her husband's brother before she can remarry. [Biblical law requires her brother-in-law to marry her to perpetuate the dead husband's "name" by providing his wife with a child. The ceremony of halitzah releases the widow from this obligation.]
In Megillat Ruth, an agunah, halitzah, a yavam, and a yevamah play a central role. The halitzah ceremony accomplishes a major correction: The Agunah is unchained.
It is well known that Ruth accomplished the task of halitzah. It is not so well known that Ruth was an agunah who needed halitzah before she could undergo yibum through sexual intercourse with Boaz.
For halitzah to unchain an agunah, there must be an agunah. Where is the agunah in Megillat Ruth? The answer to this question is found in the following pasuk:
Ruth 1:13 Would ye tarry for them till they were grown? would ye stay for them (te'agenah - תעגנה)
from having husbands?
The English words ‘stay for them’, in the above pasuk, comes from the Hebrew word: תעגנה.
Rashi tells us about this word:
Tie yourself down - תעגנה (This is) an expression of being restricted and confined, (from the root עוג) as in (Taanith 23a), “He drew a (confining) circle and stood within it.” And some interpret (עגנה, as stemming from the root עגן), an expression denoting anchoring, but this is not possible, for if so, the נ should have been punctuated with a dagesh (forti to replace the missing נ) or written (with) two נ’s (one as the radical and the other for the feminine plural).
Ibn Ezra, perhaps deliberately, notes that the word is
unique by writing that it "has no friend".
Rashi in his commentary on Ruth tries to show that actually the root here is
עוג and that the word תעגנה
is the feminine plural future form of the verb. His proof for this is that if
the nun was part of the root, it should have had a dagesh or
appeared twice. He still says the word means "restriction", but gives
the example of Honi HaMe'agel who
"עג עוגה ועמד
בתוכה" - drew (ag) a circle and stood
inside it until it rained.
However, Avineri in Heichal Rashi
points out that according most grammarians the nun is part of the root
(for example the Radak in Sefer HaShorashim), and even Rashi himself in his
commentary on Bava Kama 80a (s.v. ha'aguna) connects the word agunah
and the verse in Ruth.
Baba Bathra 73a MISHNAH. HE WHO SELLS A SHIP SELLS [IMPLICITLY] ITS MAST, SAIL, ANCHOR
AND ALL THE IMPLEMENTS NEEDED FOR DIRECTING IT, BUT HE DOES NOT SELL THE CREW,
NOR THE PACKING-BAGS, NOR THE STORES. IF, HOWEVER, HE SAID TO HIM: ‘IT AND ALL
THAT IT CONTAINS’, THEN ALL THESE ARE INCLUDED IN THE SALE.
GEMARA.
TOREN is the mast; for so it is written: They have taken cedars from Lebanon to
make masts for thee. NES is the sail; for so it is written: Of fine linen with
richly woven work from Egypt was thy sail, that it might be to thee for an
ensign. [As to] OGEN, R. Hiyya taught: These are its anchors (ogen); for so it is written: Would ye tarry for
them till they were grown? Would ye shut yourselves off for them (te'agenah - תעגנה) and have no husbands?
Thus we see that Ruth was an agunah. Now that we have established this, it is important to know that Ruth will remain an agunah until halitzah is performed and Boaz (he is a yavam) marries her (yibum[4]). Until then, she is chained (agunah) and forbidden marriage to anyone else. When Boaz marries her she becomes a yevamah through the yibum.
With regard to Lot, we see a hint to agunot (plural of agunah) in Lot’s daughters and we also see yibbum. As agunot, they were chained and denied marriage because there were no other men to marry (or so they thought), except their father.
Bereshit (Genesis) 19:31 And there (aleinu) is not a man on earth to consort with us.
Professor Benno Jacob points out a linguistic anomaly in the statement of Lot's daughters: "And there is not a man on earth to consort with us". In Hebrew, the word aleinu is unusual; usually the word eleinu would be used in this context. The only other time that aleinu appears in a similar context is in the chapter on yibbum:
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 25:5 Yevamah yavo aleiha - Her husband's brother
shall unite with her.
In other words, this hints that yibbum was at the heart of Lot's daughters' attempts to revive their father's seed and rebuild the name of the family that perished.
We know that Tamar was also an agunah until she was able to seduce Yehuda ( the yavam) and thus complete the levirate marriage (yibbum). Now Yehuda (yavam) and Tamar (yevamah) were the ancestors of Boaz. From this we see that the messianic line seems to bring significant meaning to the agunah.
Yevamah
In Megillat Ruth we find the word yevamah used to refer directly to Orpah and indirectly to Ruth in:
Ruth
1:15 And her mother-in-law said
to her, Behold, your sister-in-law (yevamah) has gone back to her people and to her kinsmen; return also after your
sister-in-law.
The only other place we find yevamah is in the Torah in the context of the mitzvah of yibum:
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 25:7 And
if the man like not to take his brother’s wife (yevamah), then let his brother’s wife go up to the gate unto the elders, and
say, My husband’s brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in
Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband’s brother. 8 Then the elders of his city shall call him,
and speak unto him: and if he
stand to it, and say, I like
not to take her; 9 Then shall
his brother’s wife (yevamah) come
unto him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot,
and spit in his face, and shall answer and say, So shall it be done unto that
man that will not build up his brother’s house.
Since Ruth and Orpah are sisters-in-law, it stands to reason that if Orpah is a yevamah, then so also is Ruth a yevamah. Both were widows of Jewish men who did not have any offspring. Orpah spurned an attachment with HaShem and His Torah. She returned to the Goyim and became a reprobate.
Midrash Rabbah - Ruth II:20 R. Isaac said: The whole of that night when
Orpah separated from her mother, a hundred heathens raped her. That is the
meaning of the verse, And as he talked with them, behold, there came up the
champion... out of the ranks of the Philistines (l Sam. XVII, 23). The ketib is
mimma'arwoth, referring to the hundred men who violated her that night. R. Tanchuma
said: And one dog also, as it is written, And the Philistine said unto David:
am I a dog (I Sam. XVII, 43).
Ruth clung to Naomi, Her God, and her Torah. She obeyed Naomi and remained an agunah until Ploni Almoni performed Halitzah and Boaz performed yibum. The Ruth became a yevamah and Boaz became a yavam.
In an earlier study we found that Ruth is a picture of the Bne Israel at Sinai in the days of Moshe. This suggests that Bne Israel, in the end of days, is an agunah waiting to be redeemed from her current state. She is waiting to become a yevamah. Her yavam, in Megillat Ruth, is Boaz. In remez Boaz pictures Mashiach. Thus Mashiach (the yavam) will perform yibum with Israel (the yevamah) and she will become His wife.
* * *
This study was written by Hillel ben David
(Greg Killian).
Comments may be submitted to:
Greg Killian
1101 Surrey Trace SE
Tumwater, WA 98501
Internet address: gkilli@aol.com
Web page: http://www.betemunah.org/
(360) 584-9352
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