שבעות חג - Shavuot (The Feast of Weeks)
By Hillel ben David (Greg Killian)
III. Why two (2) loaves of bread?
IV. Terms that apply to this day
V. The requirements of Shavuot
1. The wave offering was 2 loaves of bread of
firstfruits.
4. Atonement (covering): one (1) male goat.
5. Drink offerings: (see above.)
6. The fellowship offering was:
X. Events that occurred during Shavuot
1. The Torah was given on Shavuot:
2. The Story of the Giving of the Torah Continues:
6. The tribe of Benjamin got wives on Shavuot
7. Abraham celebrated Shavuot:
XII. The Ten Words - The Decalogue
5. Musical Instruments and Psalms for Shavuot
8. Reasons for eating Milk foods include:
שבעות חג, Shavuot, the Feast of Weeks, is a major festival. It's the second of the three
Shalosh Regalim (pilgrimage festivals) that comes exactly fifty days after Passover. It marks the giving of the Torah, by HaShem, to
THE "BLUEPRINT" FOR CREATION
Speaking metaphorically, our Sages tell us that HaShem constantly "gazes into the Torah and creates the world." The Torah (Yeshua) is not only a practical guide for our behavior in daily life, but also on a deeper level it is actually the "blueprint" for creation. Everything that happens in our lives is a manifestation of HaShem's wisdom, as expressed in His Torah. As such, Torah (Yeshua) represents the very source of our vitality, and the key to the fulfillment of our deepest aspirations.
Now although we know that the Torah was given on the 6th of Sivan, during the time when the calendar was fixed by eyewitnesses to the new moon, the fiftieth day, CShavuot, could fall on the 5th, 6th, or 7th of Sivan.
Unlike the other festivals, whose calendrical dates are specified in the Torah, Shavuot is not necessarily celebrated on the sixth of Sivan, the anniversary of the Giving of the Torah; it is celebrated on the fiftieth day after the beginning of the counting of the Omer. Thus, before the institution of a fixed calendar, when the first day of each Jewish month was determined by the testimony of witnesses who had seen the new moon, Shavuot could also be celebrated on the fifth of Sivan or on the seventh[1].
Nonetheless, now that the calendar is no longer variable, Shavuot always coincides with the 6th of Sivan.
Upon
examination, one would find that the Torah usually lists exactly what day a festival begins. For example, by Pesach the Torah tells us (Vayikra 23:6) that "On
the fifteenth day of this month is the Festival of Matzot."
However, come Shavuot we find something different. The Torah writes (Vayikra 23:15)
"and you shall count for yourselves from the day after the Shabbat . . . you shall count fifty days and you shall
bring a new Mincha offering to HaShem . . . and you
shall convoke on this very day - there shall be a holy
convocation for yourselves." Why does the Torah not tell us the date
of Shavuot? Why does the Torah force us to calculate fifty days from the start
of our counting of the Omer to figure out when Shavuot
is?
It is to
illustrate how central a role the Oral Law plays
that the Torah does not mention the date of Shavuot. The Torah terms the
starting date for the count of the fifty days "the day after the
Shabbat." The Oral law tells us that this is the second day of Pesach, the
"Shabbat" referred to in the verse being the first day of Pesach. The
Tzedukim, Sadducees, who did not give credence to the Oral law, explained this
verse differently. They explained it to mean literally the day after Shabbat.
So, they began counting from the first Sunday after Pesach. Now, nowhere does
the Torah say to count from the Shabbat during Pesach! So, The Tzedukim
had to make up a guess as to when the
Shabbat is, after all we have fifty, or so, Sabbaths
during the year. When we celebrate Shavuot on the day that we do, we are
simultaneously affirming our belief in the Oral law. After all, it is only with
the clarification that the Oral law provides that we know when Shavuot falls. Shavuot,
the festival on which we celebrate the fact that we have the Torah, is the day
on which we acknowledge that we received all of the Torah, both oral and
written. To be sure that we recognize the entirety of the Torah, HaShem omitted
the exact date on which we celebrate from the written Torah. Only by relying
upon the Oral law can we celebrate Shavuot in its proper time.
In Hebrew, the word "Chag Shavuot" means "Festival of Weeks" and stands for the seven weeks during which the children of Israel prepared themselves for the giving of the Torah. During this time they rid themselves of the scars of bondage and empowered to become a holy nation ready to stand before HaShem. Let’s read what HaShem has to say about it:
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 16:9-17 Count off seven weeks from the time you
begin to put the sickle to the standing grain. Then celebrate the Feast of
Weeks to HaShem your G-d by giving a freewill
offering in proportion to the blessings HaShem your G-d has given you. And
rejoice before HaShem your G-d at the place he will choose as a dwelling for his Name--you,
your sons and daughters, your menservants and maidservants, the Levites in your
towns, and the aliens, the fatherless and the widows
living among you. Remember that you were slaves in
Egypt, and follow carefully these decrees. Celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles for seven days after you have
gathered the produce of your threshing floor and your
winepress. Be joyful at your Feast--you, your sons
and daughters, your menservants and maidservants, and the Levites, the aliens,
the fatherless and the widows who live in your towns. For seven days celebrate
the Feast to HaShem your G-d at the place HaShem will choose. For HaShem your
G-d will bless you in all your harvest and in all the work of your hands, and
your joy will be complete. Three times a year all your
men must appear before HaShem your G-d at the place he will choose: at the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the Feast of Weeks and the
Feast of Tabernacles. No man should appear before HaShem empty-handed: Each of
you must bring a gift in proportion to the way HaShem your G-d has blessed you.
The standing grain that is cut is barley. The barley to be waved was planted seventy (70) days before Nisan 15. The Talmud describes the planting of the barley:
Menachoth 85a How was [the field] prepared? In the first year it was broken up and
in the second year it was ploughed twice, and it was sown seventy days before
the Passover so that it might be close upon the
[increasing strength of the] sun;[2] thus it would bring forth stalks one span
long and ears two spans long. It was then reaped, bound
into sheaves, threshed, winnowed, cleansed, ground, and sifted, and then
brought to the Temple-treasurer.
The Torah calls this festival, שבעות חג Chag Shavuot, the Feast of Weeks. The celebration of this feast begins with the word, count. This word immediately connects this festival with Chag HaMatza, the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Our Sages understood that Shavuot is the Atzeret, or conclusion of Chag HaMatzah. The celebration, therefore, begins with an obvious command: COUNT. So, the first part of the celebration is for us to physically count, every day, out loud, with the proper blessing, the number of weeks, and the number of days.
Shemot (Exodus) 34:22 And thou shalt observe the feast of weeks,
of the firstfruits of wheat harvest, and the feast of
ingathering at the year's end.
Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:9-21 HaShem said to
Moshe, "Speak to the Israelites and say to
them: 'When you enter the land I am going to give you and you reap its harvest,
bring to the priest a sheaf of the first grain you
harvest. He is to wave the sheaf before HaShem so it will be accepted on
your behalf; the priest is to wave it on the day after the Sabbath. On the day you wave the sheaf, you must
sacrifice as a burnt offering to HaShem a lamb a
year old without defect, Together with its grain offering of two-tenths of an
ephah of fine flour mixed with oil--an offering made to HaShem by fire, a pleasing aroma--and its drink offering of a
quarter of a hin of wine. You must not eat any bread,
or roasted or new grain, until the very day you bring this offering to your
G-d. This is to be a lasting ordinance for the generations
to come, wherever you live. "'From the day after the Sabbath, the day
you brought the sheaf of the wave offering, count off seven
complete weeks. Count off fifty days up to the day after the seventh Sabbath,
and then present an offering of new grain to HaShem. From wherever you
live, bring two loaves made of two-tenths of an ephah of fine flour, baked
with yeast, as a wave offering of firstfruits to
HaShem. Present with this bread seven male lambs, each a year old and without
defect, one young bull and two rams. They will be a burnt offering to HaShem,
together with their grain offerings and drink offerings--an offering made by
fire, an aroma pleasing to HaShem. Then sacrifice one male goat for a sin offering and two lambs, each a year old, for a
fellowship offering. The priest is to wave the two lambs before HaShem as a
wave offering, together with the bread of the firstfruits. They are a sacred
offering to HaShem for the priest. On that same day you are to proclaim a sacred assembly and do no regular work. This is to be
a lasting ordinance for the generations to come, wherever you live.
On the sixth of Sivan falls the festival of Shavuot, after the counting of the omer for forty-nine days which are seven weeks. This is why it is called "the festival of weeks," as it says in the Torah, (Devarim 16:9-10) "Seven weeks you will count... and you will make Shavuot for HaShem, your G-d" Our Hakhamim said: Why did HaShem make Shavuot dependent on the counting of the omer, unlike any other festival? This is because when the Children of Israel were told that they would leave Egypt, they were also told that they would receive the Torah fifty days after leaving, as it says:
Shemot (Exodus) 3:12 When you take this nation out of
The extra "nun" in the word taavdun instead of taavodu, is to hint that after fifty days from leaving Egypt, they would receive the Torah on the mountain of Sinai (nun has the numerical value of fifty).
The book of Bamidbar (Numbers) starts off with a count of the Israelites, in the wilderness of Sinai. The Sages understood that HaShem counted His people to show us how precious we are to Him. In the same way, we count items of value because they are precious to us. The Midrash (Tanchuma, Ki Tissa, 9; Bamidbar Rabbah 2, 11; Pesikta de Rav Kahana, Parshat Shekalim.) records that HaShem has counted His people nine times so far. The Midrash says that HaShem will count His people one more time in the days of Mashiach ben David (Yeshua at His second coming).
Shavuot, which commemorates HaShem's giving of the Torah to Israel, is called the wedding of Israel to HaShem;[3] and on the Shabbat before his wedding, the bridegroom is called to the Torah as a preparation for the wedding.
His Majesty, King
Yeshua, said that He was the Bread of Life:
Yochanan (John) 6:35
Then Yeshua declared, "I am the bread of life. He who comes to me will
never go hungry, and he who believes in me will never be thirsty.”
The message of the two loaves which are waved in the Temple on Shavuot seems to be a reference to the two Messiahs: Mashiach ben Yosef and Mashiach ben David. So the bread represents Mashiach.
From Pesach to Shavuot we see several progressions:
These progressions all are related to Mashiach.
On Shavuot we raise the two loaves and parade through
* * *
Question: Normally no yeast was allowed as in Shemot (Exodus) 34:25. Notice that the Feast of Weeks required yeast in Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:17. Why?
Shemot (Exodus) 34:22-28 "Celebrate the Feast of Weeks with
the firstfruits of the wheat harvest, and the Feast
of Ingathering at the turn of the year. Three
times a year all your men are to appear before the Sovereign HaShem, the G-d of
Possible answer:
The wave loaves were leavened because they were the
only public peace and thank-offerings of Israel.
They were accompanied by burnt and sin offerings; and unlike ordinary peace-offerings, they
were considered as most holy. Therefore they were leavened because
Also note that the normal unleavened sacrifice was BURNED, whereas the loaves were only WAVED in front of the altar. The OMER as a link between Pesach and Shavuot is marked by an interesting progression from it's opening to it's closing ritual. On the second night of Pesach, barley, which is normally animal food, is harvested and the first sheaf is waved before the altar in the Temple (i.e. salvation for the Gentiles). On Shavuot, two loaves of leavened bread, which is normally people’s food, are waved as an offering before the same altar (i.e. salvation for the Jews).
Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:26 "'On the day of firstfruits,
when you present to HaShem an offering of new grain
during the Feast of Weeks, hold a sacred
assembly and do no regular work. Present a burnt
offering of two young bulls, one ram and seven male lambs a year old as an aroma pleasing to
HaShem. With each bull there is to be a grain offering of three- tenths of an
ephah of fine flour mixed with oil; with the ram, two- tenths; And with each of
the seven lambs, one-tenth. Include one male goat to make atonement for you. Prepare these together with their
drink offerings, in addition to the regular burnt offering and its grain offering.
Be sure the animals are without defect.
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Feast of Weeks Shavuot |
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 16:10 |
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Feast of harvest (cutting) Chag HaKazir |
Shemot (Exodus) 23:16 |
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Day of Firstfruits Yom HaBikkurim |
Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:26 |
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Pentecost: |
II Luqas (Acts) 20:16 |
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Day of the Congregation Yom HaKahal |
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 18:16 |
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The Sixth Day |
Bereshit (Genesis) 1:31 |
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Rosh HaShanah of the fruit of the trees |
Meggilah 31b |
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Chag HaAtzeret [4] |
Pesachim 68b, Shabbath 87b, Mo’ed Katan 19a |
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The Solemn Assembly |
Pesachim 68b[5] |
Whenever the Talmud uses the phrase, the solemn assembly, without a further determinant, this always means the Feast of Weeks.
Many reasons are given for why Shavuot has the names that it does. The Ta'amei Haminhagim explains that the festival is called "Shavuot" because "Shavuot" means oaths. He explains that when we accepted the Torah, HaShem "promised" not to "exchange" us for any other nation, and we promised HaShem that we would not leave and "exchange" Him. Because of these oaths, the festival which is the anniversary of our receiving the Torah is called Shavuot.
Another reason[6] given for the name Shavuot is that this is the festival that occurs after we have finished counting the weeks, the word for weeks being "Shavuot."
It would seem most appropriate to call the festival "Yom Matan Torateinu" or the "Day of the Giving of the Torah", after all this is the great event that occurred on this day in the year 2448.
Rashi, commenting on Bereshit (Genesis) 1:31, notes that the only day of creation to be called "very good" was `The sixth day' (as opposed to a second day, a third day, etc.), since Shavuot occurs on Sivan 6, and is the only festival to occur on the sixth day of the month. So, Shavuot is alluded to in the creation account as very good.
Why is Shavuot also referred to as Chag HaAtzeret? The Ta'amei Haminhagim explains that on all other festivals, there are two types of service to HaShem that we perform. One type of performance is doing the commandments specifically associated with that festival, such as eating matzot on Pesach. The other service is that which we find on all festivals - refraining from "work" or "melacha." On Shavuot, there really is only one type of service being performed, that being the cessation of work. One of the meanings of the word "atzeret" is "a cessation, a stopping." Shavuot is called Chag HaAtzeret because it means that it is the Festival of "Cessation" and cessation only, while all other festivals have observances specific to it as well.
The Ramban explains that Shavuot is to Pesach as Shemini Atzeret is to Succoth. (Shemini Atzeret is what might be called the eighth day of Succoth, although technically, it is a festival separate from Succoth.) Just as Succoth has a festival called "atzeret" at its end, so too does Pesach have a festival called "atzeret" at its "end." Hence, the name "atzeret" for Shavuot. (There is an intrinsic connection between the spring festivals and the fall festivals which we have explored in our study titled: Rains.)
It is important to note that there is no such thing, in scripture, as the “Feast of Firstfruits”. Notice also that the only feast associated with firstfruits is Shavuot. If you read the scriptures carefully, you will notice that the day of the firstfruits is also a Sabbath. This is another clue as to the date of this day.
1. It was one of the three times when all young men were required to appear before HaShem. Shemot (Exodus) 23:17, Shemot (Exodus) 34:23, Devarim (Deuteronomy) 16:16
2. We are to present an offering of new grain. Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:16, Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:26
3. We are to bring two loaves of bread. Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:17
4. Hold a sacred assembly. Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:26
5. Do no regular work. Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:26, Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:21
6. Bread must be brought with seven male lambs, a young bull and two rams as a burnt offering. Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:18
7. The sin offering was a male goat. Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:19
8. The fellowship offering was two lambs. Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:19
The leavened bread for Shavuot is made from...
Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:17 From wherever you live, bring two loaves
made of two- tenths of an ephah of fine flour, baked with yeast, as a wave
offering of firstfruits to HaShem.
An ephah is a measure of Egyptian origin and contained ten omers (an omer is about two quarts, so it would be approximately four quarts of flour). Two- tenth of an ephah (4 quarts x 4 cups/quart) is about sixteen cups of fine flour.
The two loaves were rectangular, 4 x 7 handbreadths, and four finger breadths high ( 12" x 21" x 3")[7].
Those were BIG loaves of bread.
Notice that the receiving of the Ruach HaKodesh, the Holy Spirit, and two loaves of bread are associated with Saul at the time of his anointing. Notice how many parallels there are between the events in Saul's day and the events at Sinai:
I Samuel 10:1-7 Then Samuel took a flask of oil and poured it on Saul's head and kissed him, saying,
"Has not HaShem anointed you leader over his inheritance? When you leave me today, you will meet two men near Rachel's tomb, at Zelzah on the border of Benjamin. They will say to you, 'The donkeys you set out to look for have been found. And now
your father has stopped thinking about them and is
worried about you. He is asking, "What shall I do about my son?"'
"Then you will go on from there until you reach the great tree of Tabor. Three men going up to G-d at
We will see that this association of the giving of the Ruach HaKodesh on Shavuot again when we examine the Messianic aspects of this festival.
The Talmud indicates that the bringing of this offering
supersedes the Sabbath:
Shabbath 131a R. Hiyya b. Abba said in R. Johanan's name: Not in respect of
everything did R. Eliezer rule that the preliminary preparations of a precept
supersede the Sabbath, for lo! the two loaves are an
obligation of the day, yet R. Eliezer did not learn them from aught but a
gezerah shawah. For it was taught, R. Eliezer said: Whence do we know that the
preliminaries of the two loaves supersede the Sabbath? ‘Bringing’ is stated in
connection with the ‘omer, and ‘bringing’ is stated in connection with the two loaves: just as with the
‘bringing’ stated in connection with the ‘omer, its preliminaries supersede the
Sabbath, so with the ‘bringing’ stated in connection with the two loaves their
preliminaries supersede the Sabbath. These must be free, for if they are not
free one can refute [this analogy]: as for the ‘omer, [its preliminaries
supersede the Sabbath] because if one finds it [already] cut, he must cut
[other sheaves]; will you [then] say [the same] in the case of the two loaves,
seeing that if one finds [the wheat therefore] cut he does not cut [any more]?
in truth they are indeed free. [For] consider: it is written, then ye shall
bring the sheaf of the first-fruits of your harvest unto the priest: what is the purpose of ‘from the day that ye
brought’? Infer from it that it is in order to be free. Yet it is still free on
one side only, while we know R. Eliezer to hold that where it is free on one
side [only], we deduce, but refute? — ‘Ye shall bring’ is an extension.
The Talmud / Mishna also indicates when these two loaves should be eaten:
Menachoth 100b MISHNA. THE TWO LOAVES WERE EATEN NEVER
EARLIER THAN ON THE SECOND DAY AND NEVER LATER THAN ON THE THIRD DAY. HOW IS
THIS EXPLAINED? [NORMALLY] THEY WERE BAKED ON THE DAY BEFORE THE FESTIVAL AND
EATEN ON THE FESTIVAL, THAT IS, ON THE SECOND DAY. IF THE FESTIVAL FELL ON THE
DAY AFTER THE SABBATH, THEY WOULD BE EATEN ON THE THIRD DAY.
These loaves had to be eaten within the Temple:
Chullin 133b And these are they: Ten [that are to be eaten]
within the precincts of the
The Sefer HaChinuch describes how this offering was brought:
Three
"se'in" (a seah is a measure, and se'in is plural for seah) of wheat,
the first of the new crop, were gathered. The wheat was then rubbed and beaten as
preparation for grinding. Then, the wheat was ground. Two issaron measures of
flour were taken and sifted numerous times. A challah/loaf was made from each
issaron of sifted flour. These loaves were to be leaven,
unlike flour offerings brought on the altar, which were forbidden to be chametz
(leavened). They were then baked according to certain size specifications.
After they were baked, they were brought together with one bull, two rams, and seven lambs, which were all an "olah" offering
- and offering which was to be burnt on the altar, and not eaten. In addition,
it was brought with a goat, a "chatat" offering (an offering usually
brought for atonement) and two lambs as a
"shelamim" (peace) offering, an offering which was eaten with the Sh'tei HaLechem (two loaves). Before they
were eaten, the two breads and the shelamim offering were waved in a process
called "tenufah." After the offerings were waved, the Kohanim ate them.
The Midrash also brings us some insight regarding the loaves:
Midrash
Rabbah - Ruth IV:2 SO NAOMI
RETURNED, AND RUTH THE MOABITESS HER DAUGHTER-IN- LAW
WITH HER, WHO RETURNED OUT OF THE FIELD OF MOAB (I, 22). [People pointed to her
saying] ‘This is the one who returned from the field of
Midrash
Rabbah - Bamidbar (Numbers) VII:8
The Land of Israel is holier than all other lands.
Wherein does its sanctity consist? In that from there is brought the ‘Omer, the
firstfruits, and the Two Loaves[9]; this is not the case with the other lands.
Bamidbar (Numbers) 18:8-14 Then HaShem said
to Aaron, "I myself have put you in charge of the offerings presented to
me; all the holy offerings the Israelites give me I
give to you and your sons as your portion and regular share. You are to have
the part of the most holy offerings that is kept from the fire.
From all the gifts they bring me as most holy offerings, whether grain or sin or guilt offerings, that part belongs to you and your
sons. Eat it as something most holy; every male shall
eat it. You must regard it as holy. "This also is yours: whatever is set
aside from the gifts of all the wave offerings of the Israelites. I give this
to you and your sons and daughters as your regular share. Everyone in your household who is ceremonially clean may eat it. "I
give you all the finest olive oil and all the finest new wine and grain they
give HaShem as the firstfruits of their harvest. All the land's firstfruits
that they bring to HaShem will be yours. Everyone in your household who is
ceremonially clean may eat it. "Everything in
Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:20 The priest is to
wave the two lambs before HaShem
as a wave offering, together with the bread of the firstfruits. They are a
sacred offering to HaShem for the priest.
The two (2) loaves of firstfruits bread and the two (2) lambs.
This offering differs from all other festivals in that the breasts of the lambs and the loaves were waved together, where on all other festivals the breasts were waved alone.[10]
Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:18 Present with this bread seven
male lambs, each a year old and without defect, one young bull and two rams.
They will be a burnt offering to HaShem, together
with their grain offerings and drink offerings--an offering made by fire, an aroma pleasing to HaShem.
seven (7) male lambs, each a year old with it's grain and drink offering. One (1) young bull with it's grain and drink offering. Two (2) rams with it's grain and drink offering.
The seven male lambs were offered only at:
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Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:11 |
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Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:19 |
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Shavuot |
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Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:2 |
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Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:8 |
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the seventh day of Succoth |
Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:32 |
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Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:36 |
The one (1) young
bull was offered at:
As a regular burnt offering –
Vayikra (Leviticus) 1:5,
Shavuot,
consecrate the priests –
Shemot (Exodus) 29:1, Bamidbar
(Numbers) 8:8,
The dedication of the altar that Solomon built -
Bamidbar (Numbers) 7:15,
Yom Teruah –
Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:2, and
Yom HaKippurim –
Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:8.
The two (2) rams were used to / at:
Consecrate the priests
Shemot (Exodus) 29:1,
Bamidbar (Numbers) 8:8,
Shavuot,
The dedication of the altar that Solomon built
- Bamidbar (Numbers) 7:15,
On each day of Succoth -
Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:13,14,17,20,23,26,29,32.
With the two (2) bulls: three-tenths (3/10) of an ephah mixed with oil,
with the one (1) ram: two-tenths (2/10) of an ephah mixed with oil,
with the seven (7) lambs: one-tenth (1/10) of an ephah mixed with oil.
The three-tenths of an ephah is associated with any bull burnt offering:
Rosh Chodesh - Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:12,
Chag HaMatzah - Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:20,
Shavuot - Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:28,
Yom Teruah - Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:3,
Yom HaKippurim - Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:9,
Succoth - Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:14.
Why does the meal offering consist of two-tenths of fine flour for the one lamb rather than just one-tenth? The one lamb represents the nation. Two-tenths, the plural, indicates that it is a nation consisting of individuals rather than merely one whole. Since the Torah describes the plurality of the nation via flour, their staple food and the basis to their national prosperity, it implies that the nation can only be considered rich if everybody has their own "one-tenth"[11].
Many people are lacking their "one-tenth". As a result, even though as a nation we might appear to be 'rich', in reality, we are still 'poor'. It is incumbent upon those of us who have their own one-tenth, to help others attain theirs. Once that happens, the nation will truly be able to call itself 'rich'.
Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:30 Include one male goat to make atonement for you.
The atonement goat was required exclusively at:
Chag HaMatzah - Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:22,
Shavuot - Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:30,
Yom Teruah - Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:5, and
Yom HaKippurim - Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:11.
Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:31 Prepare these together with their drink
offerings, in addition to the regular burnt offering and its grain offering. Be
sure the animals are without defect.
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 16:9-10 Count off seven weeks
from the time you begin to put the sickle to the
standing grain. Then celebrate the Feast of Weeks to HaShem
your G-d by giving a freewill offering in
proportion to the blessings HaShem your G-d has given you.
The Talmud says that the sacrifices commanded by HaShem could be brought for seven days after Shavuot:
Rosh HaShana 4b What exposition then do R. Meir and R. Eliezer b. Jacob give of the
words ‘on the feast of unleavened bread and on the
feast of weeks and on the feast of tabernacles’ ? —
They require them for the same purpose as R. Eleazar b. Oshaia. For R. Eleazar
b. Oshaia said: How do we know that [a sacrifice due but not brought on]
Pentecost[12] can be made up for during the next seven days? Because it says, On the feast of unleavened
bread and on the feast of weeks and on the feast of tabernacles. Just as [a
sacrifice not brought on the first day of] the feast of
Passover can be made up for during the next seven days,[13] so [a sacrifice not brought on] the Feast
of Weeks can be made up for during the next seven days.
Two (2) lambs, each a year old. Shavuot is the only festival to have a “congregational”, or public, fellowship offering:
Vayikra (Leviticus) 23:19 Then sacrifice one male goat for a sin
offering and two lambs, each a year old, for a fellowship offering.
The goat sin offering
was brought at:
When a leader sins unintentionally - Vayikra (Leviticus) 4:23,
General sin offering - Vayikra (Leviticus) 9:3,
Shavuot,
Dedication of the altar - Bamidbar (Numbers) 7:15
For unintentional sin - Bamidbar (Numbers) 15:24,
Rosh Chodesh - Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:15,
Chag HaMatzah - Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:22,
Yom Teruah - Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:5,
Yom HaKippurim - Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:11,
Succoth - Bamidbar (Numbers) 29:16,
Daily sin offering in Ezekiel's temple
- Ezekiel 43:25,
Pesach in Ezekiel's temple - Ezekiel 45:23.
|
THE MUSSAF
OFFERINGS |
|||||
|
|
OLAH / BURNT OFFERING |
CHATAT / SIN OFFERING |
|||
|
VERSES (Bamidbar) |
DAY |
BULLS |
RAMS |
LAMBS |
GOAT |
|
28:9-10 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
|
|
28:11-15 |
Rosh Chodesh |
2 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
|
28:16-25 |
Pesach (every day) |
2 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
|
28:26-31 |
Shavuot |
2 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
|
29:1-6 |
1 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
|
|
29:7-11 |
Yom HaKippurim |
1 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
|
29:12-16 |
Succoth – day 1 |
13 |
2 |
14 |
1 |
|
29:17-19 |
Succoth – day 2 |
12 |
2 |
14 |
1 |
|
29:20-22 |
Succoth – day 3 |
11 |
2 |
14 |
1 |
|
29:23-25 |
Succoth – day 4 |
10 |
2 |
14 |
1 |
|
29:26-28 |
Succoth – day 5 |
9 |
2 |
14 |
1 |
|
29:29-31 |
Succoth – day 6 |
8 |
2 |
14 |
1 |
|
29:32-34 |
Succoth – day 7 |
7 |
2 |
14 |
1 |
|
29:35-38 |
1 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
|
|
|||||
Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:1-2 HaShem said to
Moshe, "Give this command to the Israelites and
say to them: 'See that you present to me at the appointed
time the food for my offerings made by fire, as an aroma pleasing to me.'
This is the "moed" the appointment.
What is the point that the Torah is making by calling this an “appointment”?
Those who carefully read the Torah can see that there are
hints that the reason for a festival is NOT because
of a certain historical event. In fact, it appears that the historical events that took place on a festival, took
place because that was the time of the year dedicated
to that type of event! Lets consider a few examples:
This is the
"Mikra" the rehearsal meeting.
Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:26-27 "'On the day of firstfruits, when you
present to HaShem an offering of new grain during the Feast of Weeks, hold a sacred assembly and do no regular work. Present a burnt offering of two young
bulls, one ram and seven male lambs a year old as an
aroma pleasing to HaShem.
4744 miqra', mik-raw'; from 7121; something called out, i.e. a public meeting (the act, the persons, or the place); also a rehearsal:-assembly, calling, convocation, reading.
So we have a divine appointment to hold a rehearsal-meeting.
Lets start by looking at a promise that HaShem made in regard to firstfruits:
Proverbs 3:9 Honor HaShem with your wealth, with the firstfruits of all your crops;
Then your barns will be filled to overflowing, and your vats will brim over with
new wine.
The Sages taught that "firstfruits" could be brought anytime between Shavuot and Succoth:
Rosh HaShana 4b R. Eleazar reporting R. Hoshaia, said regarding the [ceremonies of]
first fruits that [the omission] to place them [before the altar] is a bar [to
their release], but the [omission of the] recital is not a bar. But did R.
Eleazar [actually] say that? Did not R. Eleazar reporting R. Hoshaia say that
if a man had set apart [his] first fruits before the Feast
[of Tabernacles] and the Feast passed [without these fruits having been
presented before the altar] they are left to rot? Now what [is the implication
here]? Is it not that [they are to be left to rot] because it is no longer the
period for the recital over them? If then you suppose that the [omission of
the] recital is not a bar, why are they to be left to rot? — In accordance with
[the principle enunciated by] R. Zera, for R. Zera said: Wherever the
conditions for mingling [oil with the flour for a meal-offering ] are present,
the [omission of the] mingling is not a bar; but where the conditions are not
present the [omission of] mingling is a bar.
The Talmud also indicates that we should not delay in the bringing of the firstfruits.
The Torah tells us that the first fruits of our land must be brought up to HaShem's house, the Temple in Jerusalem. When the first fruits of the season emerged, the farmer would go into his field, wrap a red ribbon around that fruit and dedicate it to HaShem.
If the Jew came to
At this time, from Shavuot until Succoth, the Jew would read a special section from the Torah declaring his appreciation to HaShem for all of the bounty that He had bestowed upon him. It went like this: "An Aramean tried to destroy my forefather. He descended to Egypt and sojourned there, few in number, and there he became a nation, great, strong, and numerous. The Egyptians mistreated us and afflicted us, and HaShem heard our voice and saw our affliction, our travail, and our oppression. HaShem took us out of Egypt with a strong hand and with an outstretched arm, with great awesomeness, and with signs and with wonders. He brought us to this place, and He gave us this Land, a Land flowing with milk and honey. And now, behold! I have brought the first fruit of the ground that You have given me, Oh HaShem!"
From Succoth until Chanukah, one could still bring his first fruits, but was not allowed to read the special portion mentioned above. They are brought from the seven species with which the land of Israel is blessed: Wheat, Barley, Grapes, Figs, Pomegranate, Olives and Date honey. Preferably one had to bring these species in separate baskets, however, if that was not possible then it could be brought even in one basket. One would fill his basket in the following order starting from the bottom and moving up, all the time making sure that there be a separation between every layer: Barley, Wheat, Olives, Date honey, Pomegranates, Figs and finally Grapes. A pair of Turtledoves were hung upon the basket as an offering, and another pair of Turtledoves were brought as a gift to the Kohanim or priest. The Kohanim would divide the Bikkurim amongst themselves. The mitzva of bringing the first fruits to Jerusalem only applied as long as there was a Temple standing.
Bereshit (Genesis) 1:1 In the beginning G-d created
the heaven and the earth.
This verse could also be translated:
Bereshit (Genesis) 1:1 For the sake of the things called first,
G-d created the heavens and the earth.
Bikkurim, firstfruits are one of the things called 'first'.
The Mishna says, in Rosh Hashanah 1, Mishnah 2, that the world is judged at four periods in the year: On Pesach, for grain; on Shavuot, for the fruit of the trees; on Rosh Hashanah, all the inhabitants of the world pass before Him, like flocks of sheep, as it is said, "He who fashions the hearts of them all, Who understands all their doings"; and on Succoth, they are judged for water.
Shemot (Exodus) 19:1-11 In the third month (new
moon) after the Israelites left
Shemot (Exodus) 19:12-25 Put limits for the people around the
mountain and tell them, 'Be careful that you do not go up the mountain or touch
the foot of it. Whoever touches the mountain shall surely be put to death. He
shall surely be stoned or shot with arrows; not a hand is to be laid on him.
Whether man or animal, he shall not be permitted to live.' Only when the ram's horn sounds a long blast may they go up to the
mountain." After Moshe had gone down the mountain to the people, he
consecrated them, and they washed their clothes. Then
he said to the people, "Prepare yourselves for the third day. Abstain from
sexual relations." On the morning of the
third day there was thunder and lightning, with a thick cloud over the
mountain, and a very loud trumpet blast. Everyone in
the camp trembled. Then Moshe led the people out of
the camp to meet with G-d, and they stood at the foot of the mountain.
So, just as the Kohen Gadol had to fill the Holy of Holies with incense smoke before he could enter, HaShem had to cover the mountain with smoke before Moshe and the people could approach, Vayikra (Leviticus) 16:12-13.
Leadership was appointed: The people, at Har Sinai, heard only the first two “words” then Moshe was appointed, by “fire” to listen for the people. Cf. Shemot (Exodus) 19:18 with Shemot (Exodus) 20:21.
In II Luqas (Acts) 2, we see the Apostles being appointed as leaders, by “fire”.
The giving of the Torah:
Shemot (Exodus) 20:1-21 And G-d spoke all these words: "I am
HaShem your G-d, who brought you out of Egypt, out
of the land of slavery. "You shall have no other G-ds before me. "You
shall not make for yourself an idol in the form of anything in heaven above or
on the earth beneath or in the waters below. You shall not bow down to them or
worship them; for I, HaShem your G-d, am a jealous G-d, punishing the children
for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing love to a
thousand [generations] of those who love me and keep my
commandments. "You shall not misuse the name
of HaShem your G-d, for HaShem will not hold anyone guiltless who misuses his
name. "Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it
holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work, but
the seventh day is a Sabbath to HaShem your G-d. On it you shall not do any
work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your manservant or
maidservant, nor your animals, nor the alien within
your gates. For in six days HaShem
made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that
is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore HaShem blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy. "Honor your father
and your mother, so that you may live long in the land HaShem your G-d is
giving you. "You shall not murder. "You shall not commit adultery. "You shall not steal. "You
shall not give false testimony against your neighbor. "You shall not covet
your neighbor's house. You shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his
manservant or maidservant, his ox or donkey, or
anything that belongs to your neighbor." When the people saw the thunder
and lightning and heard the trumpet and saw the
mountain in smoke, they trembled with fear. They stayed at a distance and said
to Moshe, "Speak to us yourself and we will listen. But do not have G-d
speak to us or we will die." Moshe said to the people, "Do not be
afraid. G-d has come to test you, so that the fear of G-d will be with you to
keep you from sinning." The people remained at a
distance, while Moshe approached the thick darkness where G-d was.
The Revelation at
The Torah was delivered in all seventy languages:
Midrash Rabbah -
Shemot (Exodus) V:9 9. AND HaShem
SAID TO AARON: GO INTO THE WILDERNESS TO MEET MOSHE (IV, 27). Thus it says: G-d
thundereth marvelously with His voice (Job XXXVII, 5). What means ’thundereth’?
When HaShem gave the Torah on Sinai, He displayed untold marvels to Israel with His voice. What happened? HaShem spoke and
the Voice reverberated throughout the world.
II Luqas (Acts) 2:1-21 When the day of Pentecost came, they were
all together in one place. Suddenly a sound like the blowing of a violent wind
came from heaven and filled the whole house where they were sitting. They saw
what seemed to be tongues of fire that separated and came to rest on each of
them. All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit enabled them. Now
there were staying in Jerusalem G-d-fearing Jews from
every nation under heaven. When they heard this sound, a crowd came together in
bewilderment, because each one heard them speaking in his own language. Utterly
amazed, they asked: "Are not all these men who are speaking Galileans?
Then how is it that each of us hears them in his own native language?
Parthians, Medes and Elamites; residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia,
Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya near
Cyrene; visitors from Rome (Both Jews and converts to Judaism); Cretans and
Arabs--we hear them declaring the wonders of G-d in our own tongues!"
Amazed and perplexed, they asked one another, "What does this mean?"
Some, however, made fun of them and said, "They have had too much
wine." Then Peter stood up with the Eleven,
raised his voice and addressed the crowd: "Fellow Jews
and all of you who live in Jerusalem, let me explain
this to you; listen carefully to what I say. These men are not drunk, as you
suppose. It's only nine in the morning! No, this is what was spoken by the
prophet Joel: "'In the last days, G-d says, I will
pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your
young men will see visions, your old men will dream
dreams. Even on my servants, both men and women, I will pour out my Spirit in
those days, and they will prophesy. I will show wonders in the heaven above and signs on the
earth below, blood and fire and billows of smoke. The sun will be turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and
glorious day of HaShem. And everyone who calls on the name of HaShem will be saved.'
Peter implies that the "last days" began with this
Shavuot. It looks like the signs in the heavens will begin on Shavuot. Since
this is the beginning of the wheat harvest, this is also the beginning of the time for the "tares" to be cast into the fire!
It is very important to notice that the target audience, in II Luqas (Acts) 2,
is in
We will look at this passage again when we examine the Messianic aspects of this festival.
We have an interesting passage in the Nazarean Codicil which points back to the "church", or ecclesia, in the wilderness. This is the Nazarean Codicil's earliest reference, in time, to the church. A careful reading shows that those who constitute the church are the children of Israel. (Note: A careful reading would suggest that the gathering should be a “Holy convocation” at Har Sinai, rather than a “congregation”.)
II Luqas (Acts) 7:37-40 This is that Moshe, which said unto the children
of Israel, A prophet shall HaShem your G-d raise up unto you of your
brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear. This is he, that was in the church
[ecclesia] in the wilderness
with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sinai, and [with] our fathers: who received the lively oracles to give unto
us: To whom our fathers would not obey, but thrust [him] from them, and in
their hearts turned back again into Egypt, Saying unto Aaron, Make us G-ds to
go before us: for [as for] this Moshe, which brought us out
of the land of Egypt, we know not what is become of him.
Shemot (Exodus) 12:37-38 The Israelites journeyed from Rameses to Succoth. There were about six hundred
thousand men on foot, besides women and children. Many other people went up
with them, as well as large droves of livestock, both flocks and herds.
We see this same group of Jews and Gentiles in:
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 29:9-15 Carefully follow the terms of this covenant, so that you may prosper in everything you
do. All of you are standing today in the presence of HaShem your G-d--your
leaders and chief men, your elders and officials, and all the other men of
Israel, Together with your children and your wives, and the aliens living in your camps who chop your wood and
carry your water. You are standing here in order to enter into a covenant with
HaShem your G-d, a covenant HaShem is making with you this day and sealing with
an oath, To confirm you this day as his people, that he may be your G-d as he
promised you and as he swore to your fathers, Abraham, Isaac
and Jacob. I am making this covenant, with its oath, not only with you Who are
standing here with us today in the presence of HaShem
our G-d but also with those who are not here today.
This covenant was made “with those standing there” and also “with those who are not standing here”, therefore this Sinaitic Covenant has two sides, like the two loaves: One for the Jews of that day and one for the Jews of every age. See also: Noachides.
The Talmud records that HaShem spoke seventy languages at Sinai, that the whole world might comprehend His Torah:
Shabbath 88b: R. Johanan said: What is meant by the verse, HaShem giveth the word:
They that publish the tidings are a great host? Every single word that went
forth from the Omnipotent was split up into seventy languages. The School of R.
Ishmael taught: And like a hammer that breaketh the rock in pieces, just as a
hammer is divided into many sparks, so every single word that went forth from
the Holy One, blessed be He, split up into seventy languages.
The Nazarean Codicil also connects the seventy languages to Shavuot:
II
Luqas (Acts) 2:1-6 And when the
day of Pentecost was fully come, they were all with one accord in one place.
And suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a
rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. And
there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire,
and it sat upon each of them. And they were all filled
with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit
gave them utterance. And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under
heaven. Now when this was noised abroad, the multitude came together, and were
confounded, because that every man heard them speak in his own language.
It is written, that the number of nations is seventy, in:
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 32:8 When the Most High gave the nations their inheritance, when he divided all mankind, he set up
boundaries for the peoples according to the number of the sons of
Bereshit
(Genesis) 46:26-27 All those who went to Egypt with Jacob--those
who were his direct descendants, not counting his sons' wives--numbered
sixty-six persons. With the two sons who had been born
to Joseph in
The wheat would represent people, when in the form of leavened bread it would represent The Body of Mashiach, The Word of G-d.
Yeshua told a parable about a wheat harvest:
Matityahu (Matthew) 13:24-30 Yeshua told them another parable: "The
kingdom of heaven is like a man who sowed good seed
in his field. But while everyone was sleeping, his
enemy came and sowed weeds among the wheat, and went away. When the wheat
sprouted and formed heads, then the weeds also appeared. "The owner's
servants came to him and said, 'Sir, didn't you sow good seed in your field?
Where then did the weeds come from?' "'An enemy did this,' he replied.
"The servants asked him, 'Do you want us to go and pull them up?'
"'No,' he answered, 'because while you are pulling the weeds, you may root
up the wheat with them. Let both grow together until the harvest. At that time I will tell the harvesters: First collect the weeds
and tie them in bundles to be burned; then gather the wheat and bring it into my barn.'"
The tare would therefore represent the wicked and the wheat would represent the righteous.
Matityahu (Matthew) 3:8-12 Produce fruit in keeping with repentance.
And do not think you can say to yourselves, 'We have Abraham as our father.' I
tell you that out of these stones G-d can raise up children for Abraham. The ax
is already at the root of the trees, and every tree that does not produce good
fruit will be cut down and thrown into the fire.
"I baptize you with water for repentance. But
after me will come one who is more powerful than I, whose sandals I am not fit
to carry. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire. His winnowing
fork is in his hand, and he will clear his threshing
floor, gathering his wheat into the barn and
burning up the chaff with unquenchable fire."
The "threshing" seems to be associated with the removal of the "inedible" from HaShem's people.
Shemot (Exodus) 9:29-32 Moshe replied, "When I have gone out
of the city, I will spread out my hands in prayer to
HaShem. The thunder will stop and there will be no more hail,
so you may know that the earth is HaShem's. But I know that you and your
officials still do not fear HaShem G-d." (The flax and barley were
destroyed, since the barley had headed and the flax was in bloom. The wheat and
spelt, however, were not destroyed, because they ripen later.)
Here we have the wheat NOT destroyed when HaShem was
punishing
In II Luqas (Acts) 2:1, we have a strange word inserted in the text. The word “fully” seems superfluous in a document that carefully conserves every word. Lets look at the Strong’s definition and then see if we can explain why it is there:
II Luqas (Acts) 2:1 And when the day of Pentecost was fully
come, they were all with one accord in one place.
====================================
4845 sumpleroo, soom-play-ro'-o; from 4862 and 4137; to implenish completely, i.e. (of space) to swamp (a boat), or (of time) to accomplish (pass. be complete):-(fully) come, fill up.
Some have speculated that the use of "fully" may indicate that the Shavuot of the Pharisees and the Sadducees had both finally come. This seems untenable in light of the fact that Mashiach commanded us to follow the Pharisees and not the Sadducees.
Though it is generally customary to recite the arbit (evening) prayers somewhat earlier than usual on Erev Yom Tov, the first night of Shavuot, however, arbit is delayed till after the appearance of the stars. Seven whole weeks are to elapse counting from the second day of Pesach till the advent of Shavuot. And, if the sanctity of Yom Tov is `accepted' before the forty-ninth day is concluded, the days-of-the-counting will not have been whole. Similarly, the Shavuot Kiddush is not recited till certain nightfall. These customs seem to be behind the term 'fully'. In other words, Shavuot has fully come when we have fully counted the previous 49 days, we have prayed Arbit (the evening prayers), and the Yom Tov is fully come.
It is customary to remain awake through the night for study of Torah and the reading of the Tikkun-for-the-Night-of-Shavuot (the study that is done to rectify the sin of our fathers who over slept that fateful morning). Special care should be exercised not to slumber during the shacharit prayers, the Torah reading, and especially during mussaf, which 'seals' the Omer period. (The reference is to the 'new-gift-offering' brought on Shavuot morning upon the termination of the Omer-count days). This, too, may be the reasoning behind the statement: And when the day of Pentecost was fully come ...
Paul reaffirmed the Torah and the council reaffirms it's decision at the Feast of Weeks:
II Luqas (Acts) 20:16 Paul had decided to sail past Ephesus to
avoid spending time in the province of Asia, for he was in a hurry to reach Jerusalem, if possible, by the day of Pentecost....
Hakham Shaul is hurrying to get to Jerusalem
by Shavuot. This suggests that he arrived before Shavuot. When he gets to
II
Luqas (Acts) 15:1-21 And certain
men which came down from
This next passage deals with Nazirite vows which would not be handled on the Festival Sabbath of Shavuot, never the less it is closely connected thematically with the events at Har Sinai. II Luqas (Acts) 20:16, also suggests that it is taking place just before Shavuot:
II Luqas (Acts) 21:17 - 22:1 When we arrived at
Judges 21:15-24 The people grieved for Benjamin, because HaShem
had made a gap in the tribes of Israel. And the
elders of the assembly said, "With the women of Benjamin destroyed, how
shall we provide wives for the men who are left? The Benjamite survivors must
have heirs," they said, "so that a tribe of
Asa and the people renewed the covenant (notice the role of the Spirit):
II Chronicles 15:1-12 The Spirit of G-d came upon Azariah son of
Oded. He went out to meet Asa and said to him, "Listen to me, Asa and all
Judah and Benjamin. HaShem is with you when you are with him. If you seek him,
he will be found by you, but if you forsake him, he will forsake you. For a
long time Israel was without the true G-d, without a
priest to teach and without the law.
But in their distress they turned to HaShem, the G-d of
Refer to Devarim (Deuteronomy) 29 for the covenant that was renewed at Sinai.
Bereshit (Genesis) 14 notice "Chedorlaomer" which literally means: “until the omer”.
Sivan 6th Moon is in Aryeh.
New Year for trees - Trees are judged. Megilah 31b
Death of Abel - Bereshit Rabbah (chap. 22) (might have been Kislev 25)
Enoch ascended to heaven. Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews 1:137
The
Abraham defeats the five kings and gives tithes to Melchizedek. Bereshit (Genesis) 14
Issachar is born. Bnei Issachar
Yocheved hides Moshe after a six month and one day pregnancy-day 87. Artscroll Mesorah on Shavuot,
Moshe is drawn out of the water (
The Torah was given at Sinai. Shemot (Exodus) 19:1-11, Shemot (Exodus) 24:1-8
People prepare to meet HaShem
at
The Ketubah was "signed" at Sinai (2448 BCE). Shemot (Exodus) 19:1-11
This is the day for the priests to draw near to teach the Torah. Bamidbar (Numbers) 17:12 - 18:24
All males to appear before HaShem in Jerusalem. Devarim (Deuteronomy) 16:16
The tribe of Binyamin gets wives. Judges 21
David was born on Shavuot and died on Shavuot'. Bechor Shor, Shabbat 30b
King David dies. Jerusalem Talmud - Chagigah 2,3.
The wedding of King Solomon allegorically refers to Mashiach and Israel. Song of Songs 3:11
Asa renewed the covenant.
II
Chronicles 15:8-15
John the Baptist preaches
preparation, in those days, w/judgment for the trees. Matityahu 3:1-12
Yeshua prays all night. Luke 6:12
The sermon on the mount is given. Matityahu (Matthew) 5,6,7
Yeshua chooses his apostles ("one of those days", i.e. Omer days). Luke 6:12-17
Yeshua delivers the sermon on the mount ("one of those days", i.e. Omer days). Luke 6:12-49
Yeshua heals the centurion's servant because
he has not seen such great faith in
Yeshua keeps the feast.
John
7:37
The Holy Spirit comes (
Paul reaffirms the law
for Gentiles. II Luqas (Acts) 20:16 + II Luqas (Acts)
21:17 - 22:1
James reaffirms the law for Gentiles. II
Luqas (Acts) 20:16 + II Luqas (Acts) 21:17 - 22:1
Paul's stays in
The covenant made at Sinai will be "renewed". Jeremiah 31:31-40
HaShem is betrothed
to
The reading of Ruth on Shavuot is done because:
1. The timing of its events occurred 'at the beginning of the barley harvest,' and this period is also the time of Shavuot' (Abudraham).
2. `The reading
of Ruth on Shavuot is a reminder of the stand at
Since we had a large mixed multitude of Noachides standing at Har Sinai, there seems to be a re-interpretation of these seven laws in light of the Torah Shebalpeh, the Oral Torah, revealed at Har Sinai. The Sages insist that the Noachides are bound by Torah Shebalpeh and the authority it confers on Jewish Judges.
3. 'From her very birth, Ruth was worthy of accepting upon herself the yoke of mitzvot; and the very letters of her name bear witness to it. The letters for Ruth add up to six hundred and six which together with the seven Noachide Laws add up to six hundred and thirteen' (the Gaon of Vilna).
4. 'Our fathers had the status of converts when they accepted
the Torah (in order to enter the covenant they were
required to undergo circumcision and immersion as is the case with converts). In honor of Ruth
who was a convert and became the mother of
5. Megillat Ruth was written by the Prophet Samuel, to indicate the genealogy of Kind David for Ruth the Moabite. We learn from the writing of this Megilah that there was Divine assent in the matter, for the end of the Megilah recounts David's ancestry and David was born on Shavuot and died on Shavuot (Bechor Shor).
6. Just as the process leading to our receiving the Torah was filled with pain and trying times, so too the path that Ruth took to receiving the Torah was filled with the same[14].
7. The story of
Ruth is read at the time of the giving of the Torah so that we might know that
the written Torah and the Oral Torah, are together
one Torah, and one is not Possible without the other. For David, the anointed of HaShem unto all generations, was descended from a Moabite woman, and his
legitimacy depended on the Oral Torah - which declared that only a Moabite man
was prohibited from entering the fold of Israel -
but not a Moabite woman. On the foundations of the House of David, the whole
people of
Notice what the Torah says:
Devarim (Devarim (Deuteronomy)) 23:3 No Ammonite or Moabite or any of his
descendants may enter the assembly of HaShem, even down to the tenth
generation.
And:
Yevamoth 77b Doeg submitted to them all those objections
and they eventually remained silent, he desired to make a public announcement
against him. Presently [an incident occurred]: Now Amasa was the son of a man,
whose name was Ithna the Israelite, that went in to Abigal the daughter of
Nahash, but elsewhere it is written, Jether the Ishmaelite! This teaches, Raba
explained, that he girded on his sword like an Ishmaelite and exclaimed,
‘Whosoever will not obey the following halachah will
be stabbed with the sword; I have this tradition from the Beth din of Samuel
the Ramathite: An Ammonite but not an Ammonitess; A Moabite, but not a
Moabitess’! Could he, however, be trusted? Surely R. Abba stated in the name of
Rab: Whenever a learned man gives directions on a point of law,
and such a point comes up [for a practical decision], he is obeyed if his
statement was made before the event; but if it was not so made he is not obeyed!
Here the case was different, since Samuel and his Beth din were still living.
And:
Yevamoth 69a ‘R. Simeon b. Gamaliel said: Whenever you may marry his daughter, you may marry his widow etc.’
What is the practical difference between R. Jose and R. Simeon b. Gamaliel?
‘Ullah replied: The difference between them is the case of an Ammonite and a
Moabite proselyte. And both of them derived their respective views from none
other than [the disqualification] of a widow by a High
Priest. R. Jose reasons thus: As with a High Priest who married a widow, his seed
is disqualified and he himself causes disqualification, so does any other person
cause disqualification only when his seed is disqualified. R. Simeon b.
Gamaliel, however, reasons thus: As with a High Priest who married, a widow,
all his seed is disqualified and he himself causes disqualification, so does
only such a person cause disqualification, all whose seed is disqualified; an
Ammonite and a Moabite are, therefore, excluded since not all their seed are
disqualified. For a Master said: An Ammonite, but not an Ammonitess; a Moabite,
but not a Moabitess.
And:
Yevamoth 76b GEMARA. Whence are these laws inferred? — R.
Johanan replied: Scripture stated, And when Sail saw David go forth against the
Philistine, he said into Abner, the captain of the host: ‘Abner, whose son is
this youth Lord? And Abner said: ‘As thy soul liveth, O King, I cannot tell’.
But did he not know him? Surely it is written, And he loved him greatly; and he
became his armour bearer! — He rather made the inquiry concerning his father. But did he not know his father? Surely it is
written, And the man was an old man in the days of Saul, stricken in years
among them; and Rab or, it might be said, R. Abba, stated that this referred to
the father of David, Jesse. who came in with an army and went out with an army!
— It is this that Saul meant: Whether he descended from Perez, or from Zerah.
If he descended from Perez he would be king, for a king breaks for himself a
way and no one can hinder him. If, however, he is descended from Zerah he would
only be an important man. What is the reason why he gave instructions that
enquiry be made concerning him? — Because it is written, And Saul clad David
with his apparel. being of the same size as his, and about Saul it is written,
From his shoulders and upward he was higher than any of the people. Doeg the
Edomite then said to him, ‘Instead of enquiring whether he is fit to be king or
not, enquire rather whether he is permitted to enter the assembly or not’!
‘What is the reason’? ‘Because he is descended from Ruth
the Moabitess’. Said Abner to him, ‘We learned: An Ammonite, but not an
Ammonitess; A Moabite, but not a Moabitess! But in that case a bastard would’
imply: But not a female bastard?’ — ‘It is written mamzer [Which implies]
anyone objectionable’. ‘Does then Egyptian exclude the Egyptian woman’? — ‘Here
it is different, since the reason for the Scriptural text is explicitly stated:
Because they met you not with bread and with water; it is customary for a man
to meet [wayfarers]; It is not, however, customary for a woman to meet [them]’.
The “Ten Words”, the Decalogue, are translated into Greek as Deka LOGOS - which can also mean ten ideas or ten prophetic words.
Shemot (Shemot (Exodus)) 20:1-17 And HaShem spoke all these words, saying:
1. I am HaShem
thy G-d, who brought thee out of the
2. Thou shalt have no other G-ds before Me. Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image, nor the form of anything that is in the heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down to them, nor be induced to serve them; for I HaShem thy G-d am a zealous G-d, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, upon the third and upon the fourth generation of them that hate Me; but showing loving-kindness unto the thousandth generation that love Me and keep My commandments.
3. Thou shalt not take the name of HaShem thy G-d in vain; for HaShem will not hold him guiltless that takes His name in vain.
4. Remember the Sabbath and keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labor and do all thy work; but on the seventh day, a Sabbath unto HaShem thy G-d, thou shalt not do any work, neither thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, nor thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy cattle, nor thy stranger that is within thy gates. For in six days HaShem made heaven and earth, the sea and all that is therein, and He rested on the seventh day; wherefore HaShem blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it.
5. Honor thy father and thy mother, that thy days may be long upon the land which HaShem thy G-d gives thee.
6. Thou shalt not murder.
7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.
8. Thou shalt not steal.
9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.
10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything that is thy neighbor's.
Together, all of HaShem’s people, they proclaimed: "We will do and we will listen" (Shemot (Exodus) 24:7). Each year on the festival of Shavuot, this historic event is relived as we commit ourselves anew to observing the Torah.
Pairing
In Pesikta Rabbati 21.18-19 (Braude, Pesikta Rabbati 1:443-46) it is said that the Decalogue should be paired off with the ten words [va-yomer, “and (G-d) said,” occurs ten times in the story of creation] whereby the world was created.
1. “I HaShem am your G-d”, is paired with, “And G-d said: Let there be light”, Bereshit (Genesis) 1:3, and of light Scripture says elsewhere: “HaShem shall be unto thee an everlasting light”, Isaiah 60:19
2. “You shall have no other G-ds beside Me”, is paired with:, “And G-d said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, that it may separate water from water” (Bereshit (Genesis) 1:6). The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “Make a separation between Me and between idolatry, which in the verse: “They have forsaken Me, the fountain of Living waters, and hewed them out cisterns” (Jeremiah 2:13) is implied to be stored and stagnant [waters].”
3. “You shall not swear by the name of HaShem your G-d”, is paired with, “G-d said, Let the water ... be gathered into one area” (Bereshit (Genesis) 1:9). The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “The waters accord Me honor and restrain themselves; and will you not accord Me honor in not swearing by My name falsely?”
4. “Remember the Sabbath day”, is paired with, “And G-d said, let the earth sprout vegetation” (Bereshit (Genesis) 1:11). For the Holy One, blessed be He, stated that however little you feast on the Sabbath you will still be regarded as one who honors it. Remember that the world was created in the hope that man would not sin; and men can live without sinning because they can subsist if necessary only on grasses and herbs that the earth puts forth.
5. “Honor your father”, is paired with, “G-d said, Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky” (Bereshit (Genesis) 1:14). The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “Behold, for thee I created two lights, thy father and thy mother. Take care in the honor due them.”
6. “You shall not murder”, is paired with, “G-d said, Let the waters bring forth swarms”, (Bereshit (Genesis) 1:20). The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “Be not like those fish, the big ones that swallow the little ones, as is intimated in the verse, “Wherefore ... holdest Thou Thy peace ... and makest men as the fishes of the sea?” (Habakkuk 1:13-14).
7. “You shall not commit adultery”, is paired with, “G-d said, Let the earth bring forth every kind of living creature” (Bereshit (Genesis) 1:24). The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “Behold I created for thee thy mate. Each and every one should cleave to his mate, to his own kind.”
(Note: in the eighth “word”, the Sages have a tradition from Sinai, Sanhedrin 86a, that indicates that we are dealing with “Man stealing”, i.e. kidnapping, not simple theft. This can also be adduced from the fact that the seventh “word” and the ninth “word” carry the penalty of death. The only theft which carries the penalty of death, is kidnapping.)
8. “You shall not steal”, is paired with, “G-d said, See I give you every seed bearing plant” (Bereshit (Genesis) 1:29). Thus we learn that corporations and governments may not “kidnap” seed and hold it for ransom. Seed must be available, without genetic modifications, for the average farmer. Thus we may not jeopardize lives by withholding seeds.
9. “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor, etc.”, is paired with, “And G-d said, Let us make man in our image” (Bereshit (Genesis) 1:26). The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “Behold for thee I created thy neighbor in My likeness. And thou, by such acts as call for punishment, wouldst swallow and make an end of thy neighbor. Do not then bear false witness against thy neighbor.”
10. “You shall not covet”, is paired with, “G-d said, It is not good for man to be alone, I will make a fitting helper for him” (Bereshit (Genesis) 2:18). The Holy One, blessed be He, said, “Behold, I created a mate for thee. Let each and every one of you cling to his mate. Let not a man of you covet the wife of his neighbor.”
* * *
The chain of events surrounding the giving of the Torah is very difficult to follow, because, according to Rashi's understanding, the verses are not arranged chronologically, and a number of jumps must be made in order to reconstruct the sequence of events. The difficulties begin with the fifth aliya of Yitro (the sequence of events surrounding Yitro himself is a separate issue), and continue until the end of Ki Tissa.
The following outline should help to understand the order of events:
1. On Rosh Chodesh Sivan, the new moon of the third month, the Jews arrived at Midbar Sinai. (19:1; cf. Rashi).
2. Early the following morning, the 2nd of
Sivan, Moshe went up
3. That same day Moshe descended and assembled the elders and passed on the message. The entire people responded in unison that whatever HaShem says, they will do. (19:7-8).
4. On the morning of the 3rd of Sivan Moshe again ascended the mountain to bring the people's response to HaShem. (19:8; cf. Rashi).
5. On this occasion he is told that HaShem will speak to him from a thick cloud in the presence of the people, which will establish the authenticity of Moshe's prophecy forever. (19:9).
6. Moshe's descent, as well as his subsequent conversation with the people is not described in the verses, but is inferred by Rashi from HaShem's response. The people insist on hearing from HaShem directly (Rashi 19:9).
7. On the 4th of Sivan Moshe returned to the mountain to bring the people's request to HaShem. (The latter half of 19:9). This is the same ascent mentioned in Parshat Mishpatim, where we learn that Moshe, Aharon, Nadav, Avihu, and the elders were all to ascend, but only Moshe was to approach the cloud. (24:1-2; cf. Rashi ad loc.).
8. During this same encounter, HaShem informs Moshe that if the people insist on hearing for themselves, they must purify themselves for three days, the 4th, 5th and 6th, in order to receive the Torah on the 6th. In addition, Moshe is to instruct the people how close they may approach the mountain during the revelation, and for how long the restriction is to last. (19:1013; cf. Rashi).
(Nazarean
note: This is like, Sefirat HaOmer, the counting of the
Omer, where we purify ourselves, day by day, to receive the Torah: “On the
third day!” As it is said on the third day He, The
Living Torah, will rise us again! – Marqos [Mark] 9:31)
9. Still on the 4th of Sivan, Moshe descends, and informs the people of the command to purify themselves for three days. According to Rabbi Yose, Moshe interpreted the three days as complete days, delaying Matan Torah until the 7th of Sivan. (19:14-15; cf. Rashi).
10. This is the same conversation with the people described in Mishpatim, when Moshe reminds the people of the seven Noachide laws, and the laws received at Mara. The people agree to keep all HaShem’s commandments. Moshe writes down all of the Torah from Bereshit until this point. (24:3-4; cf. Rashi).
11. On the 5th of Sivan Moshe builds an altar at the base of the mountain. Offerings are made. Moshe reads the book he has written to the people, who respond, "We will do and we will hear". The blood of the sacrifices is sprinkled on the altar on behalf of the people. (24:4-8; Rashi ad loc. and cf. Rashi 19:11).
12. On the 6th of Sivan, or the 7th according to Rabbi Yose, Moshe As for the others, Moshe will speak and HaShem will amplify his voice. (19:16-19: Rashi).
13. HaShem reveals his throne upon the mountain and summons Moshe. Moshe is told to warn the people again not to approach the mountain. Moshe protests that the people have already been warned. HaShem tells him that he must do so nevertheless. Then he is to return to the mountain. Aharon and the first born, who are the priests at this point, are to approach, each according to his level. (19:20-24; Rashi).
14. Moshe descends and passes on the information. (19:25).
15. Moshe's return to the mountain, together with Aharon, Nadav, Avihu and the elders, is described in Mishpatim. During Matan Torah, Nadav, Avihu and the elders gazed inappropriately. Their punishment is postponed until another occasion, in order not to detract from Matan Torah. (24:9-11; Rashi).
16. The Matan Torah itself, the ten statements, is in Yitro. All of the ten were said in a single word (Note: If this is understood, then we can understand how Lekha Dodi, which we sing before Shabbat: “Shamor ve Zakhor ve dibur echad“, “Keep and Remember in one word”, with regard to Shabbat.), then HaShem returned to explain each one individually. (20:1-14; Rashi).
17. The people heard the first two explained, but then were overwhelmed and request that Moshe tell them the rest himself. (20:15-17; Rashi ad loc. and cf. Rashi 19-19). This is an understatement! The Midrash[15] records that they all died!
So, it might be reasonable to ask: Why did the people die, and why was Moshe able to hear without dying?
It seems that the people had not properly prepared, during Sefirat HaOmer, and Moshe had. The people had not ridded themselves of the impurity of Mitzrayim (Egypt), while Moshe had.
18. At this point Moshe enters into the thick cloud, and the people back off. (20:18).
19. This last event is described in detail in Mishpatim. After Matan Torah, Moshe is commanded to approach HaShem, and to remain with him to receive the stone tablets. Moshe ascends, accompanied part way by his disciple, Yehoshua. Aharon and Chur are left in charge. (24:12-14).
20. At this point six days are mentioned, during which the cloud is present on the mountain, before Moshe is invited to enter. Rashi brings two opinions:
a) These are the previous six days, the seventh being Matan Torah itself, after which he is invited to enter the cloud. Or
b) These six days begin after Matan Torah, and comprise the first six days out of the forty. (24:15-18; Rashi).
21. This ascent took place on the 7th of Sivan. (Rashi 32:1). Moshe remains on the mountain for forty days and nights. (24:18).
22. During these forty days Moshe receives the laws commanded at the end of Yitro and the bulk of Mishpatim. (20:19-23:33).
23. The end of the forty days is described in Ki Tissa. When he is finished speaking, HaShem gives Moshe the tablets. (31:18).
Nazarean Note[16]: After the forty day testing, we see "The Call of the first Disciples" in Yochanan (John) 1:35-51,1 Luqas (Luke) 5:1-11; 6:14a, Marqos (Mark) 1:16-20, 3:16, and Matityahu (Matthew) 4:18-22; 16:17-18. This “call” mirrors the call of the Torah At Har Sinai, i.e. Moshe brings the Tablets of Stone (the call of Torah – to become separate, to become priests) after forty days, and Mashiach calls his Talmidim forty days after His Testing. This calling involves two parts:
R. Eliezer said: A man has naught else [to do] on a festival save either to eat and drink or to sit and study. R. Joshua said: Divide it: [devote] half of it to eating and drinking, and half of it to the Beth HaMidrash. Now R. Johanan said thereon: Both deduce it from the same verse. One verse says, a solemn assembly to HaShem thy G-d,[17] whereas another verse says, there shall be a solemn assembly unto you:[18] R. Eliezer holds: [That means] either entirely to G-d or entirely to you; while R. Joshua holds, Divide it: [Devote] half to G-d and half to yourselves. (Mnemonic: ‘abam.)[19] R. Eleazar said: All agree in respect to the Feast of Weeks [‘azereth][20] that we require [it to be] ‘for you’ too. What is the reason? It is the day on which the Torah was given.[21] Pesachim 68b
24. On the 16th of Tammuz the people came to the mistaken conclusion that Moshe was overdue. The golden calf is made. Aharon declares a festival to HaShem for the next day. (32:1-5; Rashi).
25. They get up early on the morning of the 17th of Tammuz to worship the calf (32:6).
26. HaShem tells Moshe to descend because of the calf. Moshe descends, casts down the tablets and breaks them. He grinds up the golden calf and makes the people drink it. The Levites are ordered to kill the idolaters. (32:7-29).
When a Psychiatrist prescribes gold to his patients, it is because the patient has a grave psychiatric disorder, like a split personality. In other words the worshiping of the golden calf had rendered the people mentally ill, they had developed a split personality. Therefore, Moshe prescribed gold for the people to drink.
27. On the 18th of Tammuz Moshe ascends the mountain to seek atonement for the people. HaShem says that from now on the Shechinah will not be with them. Moshe informs the people. Moshe continues to speak with HaShem in his tent, which he has moved out of the camp. (32:30-33:11).
28. Moshe pleads that the Shechinah should go with them. HaShem agrees. Moshe asks to see HaShem’s kavod (glory), and HaShem agrees. Moshe is instructed to carve two new tablets, and prepare to return to the mountain the next morning. (33:12-34:3)
Nazarean note: Why does Moshe insist that the Shechinah should lead the people? Why does Yehoshua, in Joshua 5:15ff, allow the Children of Israel to be led by an angel?
We learn that the Shechinah, the Ruach HaKodesh – the Holy
Spirit, is The Guide for the wilderness, and Mashiach,
The Angel, is The Guide for entering the land. Moshe knows that the people are
yet not ready to enter the land, therefore he insists that the Shechinah lead
them. Yehoshua, on the other hand, knows that the people are ready to enter the
Land. Therefore, we learn that people should master the Torah before entering
the
29. On Rosh Chodesh Elul, Moshe once more ascends the mountain. He is instructed in the thirteen attributes of mercy, and warned that we must not make covenants with the Canaanites, but we must shatter their altars. (34:4-17; Rashi does not inform us of the date of the ascent, but he does tell us that Moshe ultimately descends on Yom HaKippurim, the 10th of Tishri (Rashi 34:29), and we are told that he was on the mountain for forty days (34:28)).
31. From this point on, the verses are in order. Moshe is instructed to carve the words on the tablets. He remains on the mountain for forty days and nights, as he did before. He descends with the second tablets on Yom Kippur, his face glowing with "rays of splendor". (34:27-35; Rashi).
* * *
Shavuot is the only festival on which the authorities all agree that we are obliged to satiate our bodies with food and drink, as well as to fill our souls with Torah. Pesachim 68b
This indulgence in fine foods is a reminder that Torah is as relevant to this world and it's material pleasures as it is to the World to Come (Olam HaBa). Torah is the key to understanding the holy function of the "mundane". This is symbolized by the waving of the Two Loaves, bread grown on earth, towards Heaven. Not until the Torah, summarized in the Decalogue, was given, however, could creativity truly flourish. Thus the first two millennia are called in the Talmud, two thousand spiritually uncreative years:
Avodah Zarah 9a The Tanna debe Eliyahu taught: The world is to exist six
thousand years; the first two thousand years are to be void; the next two
thousand years are the period of the Torah, and the following two thousand
years are the period of the Mashiach. Through our
many sins a number of these have already passed [and the
Mashiach is not yet].
From
when are the two thousand years of the Torah to be reckoned? Shall we say from
the Giving of the Torah at Sinai? In that case, you will find that there are
not quite two thousand years from then till now [i.e., the year four thousand
after the Creation], for if you compute the years [from
the Creation to the Giving of the Torah] you will find that they comprise two
thousand and a part of the third thousand; the period is therefore to be
reckoned from the time when Abraham and Sarah had gotten souls in Haran for we
have it as a tradition that Abraham was at that time fifty-two years old. Now,
to what extent does our Tanna encroach [on the other thousand]? Four hundred
and forty-eight years! Calculate it and you will find that from the time when
they had gotten souls in
The Torah is composed of two parts: the written law and the oral law. The written Torah contains the Five Book of Moshe. Together with the written Torah, Moshe was also given the oral law which explains and clarifies the written law. It was transmitted orally from generation to generation and eventually transcribed in the Mishna, the Gemara, the Midrash, and the Zohar (corresponding to the four books of Torah which belong to Israel). It is impossible to understand the written Torah without the oral Torah.
Throughout the generations, HaShem’s people have studied these works, commenting
upon them, clarifying their meanings, deriving practical applications of these
principles and codifying the laws derived from them. Thus,
a continuous chain of tradition extends throughout the generations, connecting
the scholars of the present day to the revelation
at
The order of prayer and Kiddush (wine blessing) is the same for Shavuot as for the other two Shalosh Regalim, (the three pilgrim festivals), with specific reference made however, to `this festival of Shavuot, the time of the giving of our Torah.' During mussaf, the `additional-sacrificial-offerings', the `new-gift-offering' for Shavuot are mentioned as is the passage Uveyom HaBikkurim. Hallel is likewise said in whole, in accord with the practice followed during the other two Shalosh Regalim.
The Hallel was sung:
Psalms 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118
The Annual and Triennial Torah readings are interrupted for the festivals. The following are the festival readings:
Shemot (Exodus) 19:1 - 20:23
{First Day}
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 14:22 -16:17 {Second Day - Sabbath}
Devarim (Deuteronomy) 15:19 -16:17 {Second Day - weekday}
Maftir: Bamidbar (Numbers) 28:26 - 31 {Both Days}
Yehezekel (Ezekiel) 1:1-28, 3:12
{First day}
Habakkuk 2:20 - 3:19
{Second Day}
The Book of Ruth is also read.
Many have the practice of standing for the reading of the Ten Words, Aseret HaDibrot, this practice is very strongly challenged by some authorities - Hakham Ovadia Yosef seems to be the most vocal opponent of this practice.
ERUV TAVSHILIN
When a Festival occurs on Thursday or Friday, one should make an Eruv Tavshilin on the day preceding the Festival.
That is, he should take bread (or Matza) prepared for Shabbat as well as a highly regarded cooked food, such as meat or fish, hand it over to another person through whom he grants a share of this Eruv to the entire community.
The Eruv Tavshilin should be done on Thursday, before the lighting of the Yom Tov candles.
Decorations
It is customary to decorate the synagogues and home with greens. And some decorate the Torah scrolls with roses. If the greens were not prepared
before Shavuot, it is forbidden to use unprepared leaves, though they were cut before Shavuot, for decoration. If the greens were however prepared for the sake of the festival, but were not arranged out of forgetfulness, they may be arranged on Yom Tov. It is customary to decorate your houses and synagogues with green plants because:
1. We want
remember how things were at the time the Torah was given. We know that Har
(mount) Sinai was full of greenery, as HaShem had to
give a warning to the nation of
2. Our Sages taught that on Shavuot judgment is rendered regarding the trees of the field. To focus our attention on trees we put them inside.
3. They are a remembrance of the decorations on the baskets of firstfruits brought to the Beit HaMikdash, the Temple - may it be rebuilt now, on Shavuot. When the Beit HaMikdash is rebuilt we will again bring our firstfruits on Shavuot.
4. They remind us
of baby Moshe in his basket on the
There is a custom of placing tree branches and boughs about the ‘Teva (Bima)’ (Synagogue pulpit) in the Synagogue, to recall that Shavuot is the time of judgment for the fruit of the trees, so that prayers might be uttered in their behalf. The Gaon of Vilna however, suspended this custom in many communities since it had become an established practice in Gentile religious festival usage.
The Arizal writes: "Know
that whoever does not sleep at all on this night and
is involved in learning Torah, he is promised that he will complete the year
and that no harm will befall him."[24]
A Kabbalistic custom from the sixteenth century is to stay
up the whole night studying Torah. The Rama[25]
explains that we do this because the Israelites at Sinai, who according to
tradition slept late that morning and had to be
awakened by Moshe. The Torah was given at daybreak. To compensate for their
behavior it is customary to stay up the entire first night of Shavuot studying
Torah. This custom is called "Tikkun Lail Shavuot." One of the things
traditionally studied on Shavuot night is a compilation of parts of both the
Written and the Oral Torah, entitled Tikkun Leil Shavuot. This compilation
was organized centuries ago. One noticeable feature of the compilation is that
in it, each book in the Written Torah (Tanakh) is begun and concluded, as well
as each of the six books of the Mishna.
The reason for this stems from a teaching which we see applied in the Kedusha
said as part of Mussaf on Shabbat. In the Kedusha,
we recite "Shema
Nazarean note: The ten virgins, in Matityahu (Matthew) 25:1-13, picture this Tikkun of erev Shavuot: The oil is the Shechinah and the virgins stayed awake all night And the ones that had oil for all the night, could receive the Torah at daybreak. The foolish ones are “asleep”.
(Rabbi Shimeon used to sit and learn Torah at night when the bride joined with her spouse. It is taught: The members of the bride's entourage are obligated to stay with her throughout the night before her wedding with her spouse to rejoice with her in those perfections (tikkunim) by which she is made perfect. [They should] learn Torah, Prophets and Writings, homilies on the verses and the secrets of wisdom, for these are her perfections and adornments. She enters with her bridesmaids and stands above those who study, for she is readied by them and rejoices in them all the night. On the morrow, she enters the canopy with them and they are her entourage. When she enters the canopy, the Holy One, blessed be He, asks about them, blesses them, crowns them with the bride's adornments. Blessed is their destiny.)
A lesser known custom is to recite the whole book of Psalms by staying up late the second night of Shavuot. This is because of the tradition that King David was born and died on Shavuot.
In The Synagogue
Akdamut which is read in Ashkenazi synagogues on Shavuot, is not read by Sephardi Congregations. However, Megillat Ruth, Azharoth, which is a poem enumerating the 613 mitzvot and Tehillim (Psalms) are read over the two days of Shavuot.
Part of AKDAMUT:
Were the sky of parchment made,
a quill each reed, each twig and blade,
could we with ink the
oceans fill,
were everyone a scribe of skill,
the marvelous story
of G-d's great glory
would still remain untold.
(Effortlessly-created With the breath of the letter Heh)
The poem Akdamut is read on the morning of Shavuot before the Torah reading. Every line ends with the syllable `ta', which consists respectively of the last and the first letters of the Aleph-Beit. The allusion is to the endlessness of the Torah. As soon as we reach the final letter `Tav', we immediately start to dwell again on its infinite depth with the first letter, 'Aleph'.[27]
This reading would be followed by reading the ten commandments found in Shemot (Exodus) 20:2-17.
Sukkah 53b MISHNA.
THEY BLEW NEVER LESS THAN TWENTY-ONE BLASTS IN THE SANCTUARY AND NEVER MORE
THAN FORTY-EIGHT. THEY PLAYED NEVER ON LESS THAN TWO
HARPS, OR MORE THAN SIX, NOR EVER ON LESS THAN TWO
FLUTES OR MORE THAN TWELVE. ON TWELVE DAYS IN THE
YEAR WAS THE FLUTE [HALIL] PLAYED BEFORE THE ALTAR: AT THE KILLING OF THE FIRST
PASSOVER-SACRIFICE, AT THE KILLING OF THE SECOND
PASSOVER-SACRIFICE, ON THE FIRST FESTIVAL DAY OF PASSOVER, ON THE FESTIVAL DAY
OF THE FEAST OF WEEKS, AND ON THE EIGHT DAYS OF THE
FEAST [OF TABERNACLES]. AND THEY DID NOT PLAY ON A
PIPE [ABUB] OF BRONZE BUT ON A REED PIPE, BECAUSE ITS TUNE IS SWEETER. NOR WAS
ANY BUT A PIPE SOLO USED FOR CLOSING A TUNE. BECAUSE IT MAKES A PLEASANT
FINALE. THEY WERE SLAVES OF THE PRIESTS. ACCORDING
TO R. MEIR. R. JOSE SAID: THEY WERE OF THE FAMILIES BETH HAPEGARIM,
BETH-ZIPPORUA AND FROM EMMAUS, FROM WHICH PRIESTS WOULD MARRY [WOMEN]. R. HANINA B. ANTIGONOS SAID: THEY
WERE LEVlTES.
It is customary to practice immersion
in a mikveh (ritual bath) on Erev Shavuot (the eve of the feast of Shavuot),
for one is obliged to purify himself at the advent of a Yom
Tov. There are some who practice immersion also on
Yom Tov. morning, in remembrance of
Nazarean note: Here we have a hint as to when Mashiach was immersed by Yochanan the baptizer. Yochanan's preaching on Teshuva (Matityahu 3:2), or Tikkun, seems to be on Sefirat HaOmer, the counting of the Omer. This can be understood when we realize that there are only two periods of time, in the year, when we actively repent and work on ourselves: Sefirat HaOmer and the period from Elul 1 till Yom HaKippurim. These two periods reflect the bimodality of the Hebrew year. Sefirat HaOmer matches the circumstances of the Nazarean Codicil in that Yeshua goes into the wilderness for forty days of testing immediately after His immersion. If He did this on Yom HaKippurim, He would not be